Il existe plusieurs lacunes dans les connaissances et la recherche sur la mobilité du bétail au Togo. Tout d’abord, la compréhension des itinéraires de mobilité reste insuffisante. Les déplacements du bétail dépendent souvent de facteurs informels et locaux, ce qui rend difficile la cartographie précise de ces itinéraires. Peu d’études ont été menées sur les itinéraires traditionnels des éleveurs et sur la manière dont ils s’adaptent aux nouvelles contraintes environnementales et socio-économiques. Ensuite, les impacts du changement climatique sur la mobilité du bétail sont mal compris. S’il est connu que la variabilité climatique affecte la disponibilité des ressources naturelles, les conséquences précises sur la mobilité du bétail n’ont pas été suffisamment explorées. Enfin, l’interaction entre la mobilité du bétail et les dynamiques socio-économiques est un domaine peu étudié. Les recherches sur la manière dont les changements des marchés, des politiques agricoles et des infrastructures influencent les décisions de mobilité des éleveurs restent limitées, ce qui rend difficile l’élaboration de stratégies de gestion appropriées.

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What are the main important reasons behind mobility in your country or region and why: List min 3 of them

The mobility of pasturing animals in Albania, often referred to as transhumance, is a traditional practice with deep historical and cultural roots. There are several key reasons behind this practice.

Anyway, the main reason is seasonal grazing needs. Albania's diverse topography includes mountains, plains, and coastal areas, creating distinct climatic zones. Seasonal differences in pasture productivity drive herders to relocate livestock to ensure access to nutritious grazing land year-round. During summer, herders move animals to higher altitudes (mountain pastures) to access cooler areas and abundant fresh fodder. In winter, they return to lower, warmer areas to avoid harsh mountain conditions, mostly covered by snow. In lowlands, animals use temporary free plots or pastures planted with winter forage, as lolium, oat or other seasonal grass. Most typical summer pastures are in the eastern part of Albania (mountain area).

Another reason is the cost of feed. Mobility reduces the need for purchased feed, particularly during periods when local pastures are insufficient. Movement and access to diverse foraging areas often enhance the health and productivity of livestock, ensuring better quality meat, and  milk.

With much of Albania’s land being mountainous, agricultural space is constrained. Mobility enables herders to utilize marginal and remote areas effectively. This practice is more evident in northern Albania, where the agricultural land is very limited.

What are the main gaps of knowledge and research areas regarding logic mobility in your country

In the context of Albania, research and knowledge gaps regarding livestock mobility (transhumance and seasonal migration) are notable and critical for understanding its sustainable development. Here are the main gaps and potential research areas:

There is a significant gap in comprehensive data on transhumance routes, grazing areas, and livestock mobility patterns in Albania, with much of the information outdated or incomplete. Research is needed to map seasonal migration routes using GIS and satellite imagery, identify critical grazing and water resources along these paths, and assess disruptions caused by urbanization, infrastructure development, or changes in land use.

There is limited understanding of the socioeconomic contributions of transhumance to rural livelihoods, food security, and the national economy in Albania. Research is needed to economically value products derived from mobile pastoralism, explore its role in reducing rural poverty and preserving cultural heritage, and analyze the participation and roles of gender and youth in pastoral activities.

Research on the environmental benefits and risks of livestock mobility in Albania is insufficient. Studies are needed to assess the impact of transhumance on biodiversity, soil health, and water resources, examine its role in controlling invasive species and preventing overgrazing, and explore how mobility practices can adapt to climate change and extreme weather events.

Mobile pastoralism is weakly integrated into Albania's national agricultural and environmental policies. Research is needed to evaluate existing policies on pasture use and livestock management, develop recommendations to support transhumance within sustainable development goals, and assess legal frameworks for resolving land and water use conflicts between pastoralists and other stakeholders.

Cultural aspects and traditional knowledge related to transhumance are underrepresented in research in Albania. Studies are needed to document traditional knowledge of pasture management and livestock care, explore the cultural identity and intangible heritage of mobile pastoralism, and examine its role in fostering community resilience and social cohesion.